At the Quantum World Congress recently IonQ announced two new systems (Forte Enterprise and Tempo) intended to be rack-mountable and deployable in a traditional data center. Yesterday, speaking at Tabor Communications HPC and AI on Wall Street conference, the company made a strong pitch for reaching quantum advantage in 2-3 years, using the new systems.
If you’ve been following quantum computing, you probably know that deploying quantum computers in the datacenter is a rare occurrence. Access to the vast majority NISQ era computers has been through web portals. The latest announcement from IonQ, along with somewhat similar announcement from neutral atom specialist QuEra in August, and increased IBM efforts (Cleveland Clinic and PINQ2) to selectively place on-premise quantum systems suggest change is coming to the market.
IonQ’s two rack-mounted solutions are designed for businesses and governments wanting to integrate quantum capabilities within their existing infrastructure. “Businesses will be able to harness the power of quantum directly from their own data centers, making the technology significantly more accessible and easy to apply to key workflows and business processes,” reported the company. IonQ is calling the new systems enterprise-grade. (see the official announcement.)
Snapshot of the new systems:
“IonQ Forte Enterprise brings quantum computing to modern data centers: With a target performance of #AQ 35, IonQ Forte Enterprise is expected to further IonQ’s lead as the provider of the most powerful, commercially available quantum computer in the world. IonQ Forte Enterprise is designed for complex computational problems, including process optimization, quantum machine learning, correlation analysis, and pattern recognition. With today’s announcement, IonQ is streamlining these capabilities into a compact form factor that can be easily deployed across existing data center infrastructures.
“IonQ Tempo enables commercial advantage capabilities for the most demanding use-cases: IonQ has revealed for the first time new details of its highly anticipated #AQ 64 enterprise-grade system, IonQ Tempo. Tempo is anticipated to be a commercial advantage system capable of delivering substantial business value for today’s use cases. An #AQ 64-based Tempo system would far exceed what can be simulated with classical computers and GPUs, and provide a computational space 536 million times larger than even IonQ Forte Enterprise, an astonishing leap in computational power.”
IonQ reported its Forte Enterprise system will be introduced in 2024 and the Temp on 2025.
Speaking at Tabor’s HPC and AI on Wall Street conference, Philip Farah, VP strategic partnerships, and Bob Fletcher, director, enterprise sales, jointly reviewed IonQ’s progress and plans for delivering quantum advantage. It’s thought that financial services will be among the first industry sectors to deploy quantum computers.
Despite being larger than the original Starlink satellites, the new "Mini" version is fainter, meeting astronomers' recommendations.
SpaceX launched their first batch of second-generation Starlink satellites on February 27th. These spacecraft are called “Mini,” but they are only small in comparison to the full-size satellites that will come later. The 116 square meters of surface area make them more than four times the size of the first-generation spacecraft.
The Minis’ large dimensions were an immediate concern for professional and amateur astronomers alike because area usually translates to brightness. However, SpaceX changed their physical design and concept of operations (conops) in order to mitigate their brightness. The company developed a highly reflective dielectric mirror film and a low-reflectivity black paint, which are applied to several parts of the spacecraft body. The mirror-like surface reflects sunlight into space instead of scattering it toward observers on the ground. In addition, the solar panels can be oriented so that observers do not see their sunlit sides.
The brightness mitigation plan sounded promising but measurements were needed to determine its effectiveness. So, a group of satellite observers began recording magnitudes. Scott Harrington recorded the first data point visually on March 14th. He has since obtained 125 additional magnitudes from his dark-sky location in Arkansas. Meanwhile, Andreas Hornig developed software to process video observations. He derived 108 magnitude measurements recorded from Macedonia on the night of April 12th alone. In all, we have acquired 506 brightness measurements for our study.
SpaceX launched three additional batches of 21 or more Mini satellites in April, May, and June. These spacecraft ascend from low, orbit-insertion heights toward their eventual altitude at 560-km (350 mi). Until May, we were observing Mini satellites at all heights without knowing whether they were operating for brightness mitigation. Then Richard Cole in the UK noticed that some spacecraft had leveled off at 480 km. He reasoned that these satellites might already be in mitigation mode and suggested that we prioritize them.
We found that the Minis at that height were several magnitudes fainter than those at other altitudes. SpaceX sent us a message on May 16th confirming that Richard was correct. Now that we could distinguish between mitigated and unmitigated spacecraft, we began to characterize the brightness of each group, prioritizing measurements for those satellites that were already operational.
Observed brightness indicates how severely satellites impact celestial observations. The average magnitude for mitigated Mini spacecraft in our database is 7.1, just below the limit set by astronomers’ recommended guidelines. So, most of them are invisible to the unaided eye and do not interfere greatly with research.
Solar technologies have become increasingly advanced over the years, with the discovery of new photovoltaic materials and designs. While solar cells based on a mixture of organic and inorganic halide perovskite materials have been the topic of numerous research studies and achieved promising performances, these cells are often difficult to fabricate on a large-scale.
Researchers at Chonnam University in South Korea recently introduced an alternative solar cell design fully based on inorganic perovskites. Their solar cells, introduced in Nature Energy, could be easier to fabricate on a large-scale, while nonetheless achieving promising power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). "Previous efforts in the perovskite community mostly used single junction and single phase for the fabrication of perovskite solar cells using hazardous antisolvents," Dr. Sawanta S. Mali, lead author of the paper, told Tech Xplore.
"Instead, we introduced an anti-solvent free hot-air method for fabrication of beta (β)-CsPbI3 phase in ambient condition and gamma (γ)-CsPbI3 phase has been deposited on to β-CsPbI3 bottom layer using simple thermal evaporation method. Both these two phases playing key role in charge extraction process which results in >21.5 % power conversion efficiency."
The key objective of the recent work by Dr. Sawanta and his colleagues was to create new solar cells fully based on inorganic perovskites using a developed method that could be easy to up-scale. Ultimately, they fabricated their solar cells using hot-air and thermal evaporation deposition techniques that work at ambient conditions without requiring polar solvents (i.e., liquids containing both positive and negative charges).
We introduced an anti-solvent free hot-air method for fabrication of bottom β-CsPbI3 phase in ambient condition and then γ-CsPbI3 phase has been deposited on to β-CsPbI3 bottom layer using simple thermal evaporation method," Dr. Sawanta explained. "Both these two phases playing key role in charge extraction process. The unique advantage of our approach is that both layers are deposited via an anti-solvent free deposition technique."
Blue laser specialist NUBURU is quickly increasing its foothold in the additive manufacturing (AM) space. In addition to receiving a series of patents and establishing a partnership for copper 3D printing with Essentium, the Colorado-based business has just been awarded an Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase II contract from the U.S. Air Force to develop a blue laser-based 3D printing solution with area printing technology.
“NUBURU has already pioneered metal welding applications within batteries, e-mobility and consumer electronics, and we are excited to continue expanding our capabilities into metal 3D printing, all with the same powerful blue laser technology,” said Ron Nicol, executive chairman of NUBURU.“ This project will help to bring area printing, with its high throughput capabilities and cost advantages, to key markets such as aerospace, automotive and more.”
With funding from the Air Force’s innovation arm, AFWERX, the company aims to develop a new 3D printer relying on NUBURU’s blue laser technology to increase part size and metal density while speeding up builds by 100 times. Moreover, the technology could potentially achieve micron-level resolution, as well as “zero post-processing and part shrinkage.” Those are obviously bold claims, but NUBURU suggests that the ability of metals to absorb blue laser more efficiently, combined with “area printing” would make it possible.
The concept of “area printing” is a new and ill-defined one, with really only one company publicly pursuing it. Boston-area startup Seurat is using “2 million points of light” to 3D print metal powder one large segment of a build bed at a time. EOS was, at one time, exploring what seemed to be a similar technique, but we haven’t seen the results of that work. 3DPrint.com Executive Editor Joris Peels has theorized that Trumpf is capable of its own version of the process. With this military project, NUBURU would be able to achieve further implementation of its blue laser technology in AM but also applied to a method that is unique in itself.
“We are honored to bring the power of blue laser technology and next-generation 3D printing capabilities to the United States military through this contract,” said Mark Zediker PhD, CEO and co-founder of NUBURU. “By combining the absorption advantages of blue lasers with area printing technology, we aim to create larger scale 3D printers that can offer up to100x the printing speed of an infrared laser-based printer with full metal density. If we are successful, this could allow the military to build replacement parts for older aircraft that have been obsoleted by the original suppliers and can otherwise take months to procure. This would greatly diminish the time required to build and replace critical components and would allow aircraft to return to operational readiness more quickly.”
Intel's CEO Pat Gelsinger was very bullish on AI during the company’s recent earnings call — telling investors that Intel plans to “build AI into every product that we build.” Later this year, Intel will ship Meteor Lake, its first consumer chip with a built-in neural processor for machine learning tasks. (AMD recently did the same, following Apple and Qualcomm.) But while Intel previously suggested to us that only its premium new Ultra chips might have those AI coprocessors, it sounds like Gelsinger expects AI will eventually be in everything Intel sells. Gelsinger often likes to talk up the “four superpowers” or “five superpowers” of technology companies, which originally included both AI and cloud, but today, he’s suggesting that AI and cloud don’t necessarily go hand in hand.
Gelsinger explains: "Today, you’re starting to see that people are going to the cloud and goofing around with ChatGPT writing a research paper and, you know, that’s like super cool, right? And kids are of course simplifying their homework assignments that way, but you’re not going to do that for every client — because becoming AI enabled, it must be done on the client for that to occur, right? You can’t go to the cloud. You can’t round trip to the cloud. All of the new effects: real-time language translation in your zoom calls, real-time transcription, automation inferencing, relevance portraying, generated content and gaming environments, real-time creator environments through Adobe and others that are doing those as part of the client, new productivity tools — being able to do local legal brief generations on a clients, one after the other, right? Across every aspect of consumer, developer and enterprise efficiency use cases, we see that there’s going to be a raft of AI enablement and those will be client-centered. Those will also be at the edge. You can’t round trip to the cloud. You don’t have the latency, the bandwidth, or the cost structure to round trip, say, inferencing at a local convenience store to the cloud. It will all happen at the edge and at the client."
“AI is going to be in every hearing aid in the future, including mine,” he said at a different point in the call. “Whether it’s a client, whether it’s an edge platform for retail and manufacturing and industrial use cases, whether it’s an enterprise data center, they’re not going to stand up a dedicated 10-megawatt farm.”
On the one hand, of course Intel’s CEO would say this. It’s Nvidia, not Intel, which makes the kind of chips that power the AI cloud. Nvidia’s the one that rocketed to a $1 trillion market cap because it sold the right kind of shovels for the AI gold rush. Intel needs to find its own way in. But on the other hand, it’s true that not everyone wants everything in the cloud — including cloud provider Microsoft, which still makes a substantial chunk of its money selling licenses for Windows PCs.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has given approval to Alef Aeronautics to test its flying car. The $300,000 eVTOL (electric vertical takeoff and landing) craft is also designed to be driven on roads.
The company received a special airworthiness certification from the FAA to conduct test flights of its two-passenger vehicle.
"We're excited to receive this certification,” said Jim Dukhovny, Alef’s CEO. “It allows us to move closer to bringing people an environmentally friendly and faster commute, saving individuals and companies hours each week. This is one small step for planes, one giant step for cars."
The California company, which is accepting pre-orders of the vehicles, said 440 were ordered in the last quarter of 2022. The vehicle sales would represent at least $132 million of revenue if delivered. The pre-orders include a large number by an aviation company in Hong Kong, according to Alef Aeronautics.
"Alef is aiming to deliver the first real flying car in history, and to receive so many early pre-orders is incredible validation of the market potential we're looking to satisfy," said Dukhovny. “We're extremely pleased to see orders from both individual and corporate consumers in such a short space of time after our unveiling. This is a great investment in the key sustainable transportation on the ground and in the air."
The flying vehicle is intended to fit within existing road systems for driving and parking. Alef Aeronautics joins a growing number of companies designing, developing and testing flying vehicles. Some are aimed at carrying things while others are intended to carry people.
Engineers at Radiant announced last year that they had received two provisional patents for its portable nuclear reactor technology. One of these was for a technology that reduces the cost and the time needed to refuel their reactor, while the other improves efficiency in heat transference from the reactor core. The microreactor will use an advanced particle fuel that does not melt down and is capable of withstanding higher temperatures than traditional nuclear fuels. Helium coolant, meanwhile, reduces the corrosion and contamination risks associated with traditional water coolant. Radiant has signed a contract with Battelle Energy Alliance to test its portable microreactor technology at its Idaho National Laboratory (INL).
"In some areas of the world, reliance on diesel fuel is untenable, and solar and wind power are either unavailable or impractical," said Jess Gehin, Ph.D., Chief Scientist, Nuclear Science & Technology Directorate at INL. "Clean, safe nuclear microreactors are emerging as the best alternative for these environments."
Radiant's microreactor can be used in remote locations, such as arctic villages and isolated military encampments that would otherwise typically rely on fossil fuel-powered generators. Not only is the portable microreactor better for the environment, but it is also more practical as it doesn't rely on constant shipments of fuel. Instead, the clean fuel used for Radiant's microreactors can last more than 4 years. If all goes well with Radiant's test campaign, nuclear power might soon hit the road. In doing so it will help to power countless remote communities, and will further bolster the resurgence of nuclear power in a world that needs clean energy solutions more than ever.
The absolute internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of indium gallium nitride (InGaN) based blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at low temperatures is often assumed to be 100%. However, a new study from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Electrical and Computer Engineering researchers has found that the assumption of always perfect IQE is wrong: the IQE of an LED can be as low as 27.5%. This new research, "Low temperature absolute internal quantum efficiency of InGaN-based light-emitting diodes," was recently published in Applied Physics Letters.
As professor Can Bayram puts it, LEDs are the ultimate lighting source. Since their invention, they have become increasingly popular due to their energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness. An LED is a semiconductor that emits light when current flows through the device. It generates photons through the recombination of electrons and holes (carriers), releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light emitted corresponds to the energy of the photon.
InGaN-based blue LEDs enable bright and energy-saving white lighting. The transition to solid-state lighting sources has significantly reduced energy needs and greenhouse gas emissions, but continual efficiency improvements are necessary to hit energy savings goals in the long term. The U.S. Department of Energy's 2035 roadmap calls for blue LED efficiency to increase from 70% to 90% and furthering energy savings by 450 terawatt hours (TWh) and CO2 emission savings by 150 million metric tons.
Bayram says, "The question is, how can we push this ultimate lighting source further? The answer is by understanding its absolute efficiency, not relative efficiency." Relative efficiency benchmarks a device with itself, while absolute efficiency allows for comparison across different devices by measuring the efficiency on a commonly shared scale.
IQE is defined as the ratio of the generated photons to the injected electrons in the active region of the semiconductor and is an important metric to quantify the performance of LEDs. The most widely used method to quantify IQE is by temperature-dependent photoluminescence. In such analyses, it has been assumed that at low temperatures (4, 10, or even 77 Kelvin), there is 100% radiative recombination- meaning producing a photon. At room temperature, because of non-radiative mechanisms- which emit excess energy as heat, rather than photons- the efficiency is significantly lower. The ratio of the two photoluminescence intensities gives a relative efficiency of the LED.
The original assumption has been that at low temperatures, there are no non-radiative recombination- all the loss mechanisms are "frozen." Bayram and graduate student Yu-Chieh Chiu assert, however, that this assumption may be wrong because non-radiative effects might not in fact be completely frozen out at low temperatures.
In their recent paper, Bayram and Chiu demonstrate a different method for revealing low temperature absolute IQE of InGaN-based LEDs. Using a "channel-based" recombination model, they report surprising results: the absolute IQE of the LED on traditional sapphire and silicon substrates is 27.5% and 71.1%, respectively- drastically lower than the standard assumption. To explain these unexpected results, Chiu says that the channel-based recombination model is one of the ways to think about what happens inside the active layer of the LED and how recombination in one channel affects another channel. A channel is a pathway that a carrier may take to recombine radiatively or non-radiatively.
"To determine the efficiency of the blue LED, usually only the blue emission is considered," Chiu says. "But that ignores the effects of everything else happening inside the device, specifically the non-radiative and defect luminescence channels. Our approach is to get a more holistic view of the device and determine, if there is recombination in the blue channel, how is that affected by the second and third channel(s)?"
As research on the LED continues to advance, it is important to know an absolute efficiency rather than a relative efficiency. Bayram stresses that "the absolute efficiency is very important to the field so that everyone can build on each other's knowledge rather than each group improving their own efficiency. We need absolute measurements, not just relative measurements."
To meet the efficiency standards laid out by the DOE, it will be increasingly important to properly quantify the efficiency of LEDs. Even a 1% increase in efficiency will correspond to tons of carbon dioxide savings annually. Chiu says, "By understanding the absolute efficiency, instead of the relative efficiency, that will give us a more accurate picture and allow us to improve devices further by being able to compare them to each other."
Electron cryo-tomography (cryo-ET) is emerging as a powerful technique to provide detailed 3D images of cellular environments and enclosed biomolecules. However, one of the challenges of the methodology is the identification of protein molecules in the images for further processing.
A research team around Stefan Raunser, Director at the MPI of Molecular Physiology in Dortmund, led by Thorsten Wagner, developed software to pick proteins in crowded cellular volumes. The new open-source tool, called TomoTwin, is based on deep metric learning and allows scientists to locate several proteins with high accuracy and throughput without manually creating or retraining the network each time. The paper is published in the journal Nature Methods.
"TomoTwin paves the way for automated identification and localization of proteins directly in their cellular environment, expanding the potential of cryo-ET," says Gavin Rice, co-first author of the publication. Cryo-ET has the potential to decipher how biomolecules work within a cell and, by that, to unveil the basis of life and the origin of diseases.
In a cryo-ET experiment, scientists use a transmission electron microscope to obtain 3D images, called tomograms, of the cellular volume containing complex biomolecules. To gain a more detailed image of each different protein, they average as many copies of them as possible—similar to photographers capturing the same photo at varying exposures to later combine them in a perfectly exposed image. Crucially, one has to correctly identify and locate the different proteins in the picture before averaging them.
"Scientists can attain hundreds of tomograms per day, but we lacked tools to fully identify the molecules within them," says Rice. So far, researchers have used algorithms based on templates of already known molecular structures to search for matches in the tomograms, but these tend to be error-prone. Identifying molecules by hand is another option which ensures high-quality picking but takes days to weeks per dataset.
Another possibility would be to use a form of supervised machine learning. These tools can be very accurate but currently lack usability, as they require manually labeling thousands of examples to train the software for each new protein, an almost impossible task for small biological molecules in a crowded cellular environment.
TomoTwin
The newly developed software TomoTwin overcomes many of these obstacles: It learns to pick the molecules that are similar in shape within a tomogram and maps them to a geometric space—the system is rewarded for placing similar proteins near each other and penalized otherwise. In the new map researchers can isolate and accurately identify the different proteins and use this to locate them inside the cell.
"One advantage of TomoTwin is that we provide a pre-trained picking model," says Rice. By removing the training step, the software can even run on local computers—where processing a tomogram usually requires 60-90 minutes, runtime on the MPI supercomputer Raven is reduced to 15 minutes per tomogram.
TomoTwin allows researchers to pick dozens of tomograms in the time it takes to manually pick a single one, therefore increasing the throughput of data and the averaging rate to obtain a better image. The software can currently locate globular proteins or protein complexes larger than 150 kilodaltons in cells; in the future, the Raunser group aims to include membrane proteins, filamentous proteins, and proteins of smaller sizes.
Osaka Metropolitan University scientists have developed a process using artificial photosynthesis to successfully convert more than 60% of waste acetone into 3-hydroxybutyrate, a material used to manufacture biodegradable plastic. The results were obtained using low-concentration CO2, equivalent to exhaust gas, and powered by light equivalent to sunlight for 24 hours.
The researchers expect that this innovative way of producing biodegradable plastic could not only reduce CO2 emissions but also provide a way of reusing laboratory and industrial waste acetone. Their findings have been published in the journal Green Chemistry.
Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate—a biodegradable plastic—is a strong water-resistant polyester often used in packaging materials, made from 3-hydroxybutyrate as a precursor. In previous studies, a research team led by Professor Yutaka Amao from the Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis at Osaka Metropolitan University found that 3-hydroxybutyrate can be synthesized from CO2 and acetone with high efficiency, but this was only demonstrated at higher concentrations of CO2 or sodium bicarbonate.
This new study aimed to reuse waste acetone from permanent marker ink and low concentrations of CO2—equivalent to exhaust gas from power plants, chemical plants, or steel factories. Acetone is a relatively inexpensive and reasonably harmless chemical used in many different laboratory settings, either for reactions or as a cleaning agent, which produces waste acetone. The acetone and CO2 acted as raw materials to synthesize 3-hydroxybutyrate using artificial photosynthesis, powered by light equivalent to sunlight.
We focused our attention on the importance of using CO2 created by exhaust gas from thermal power plants and other sources to demonstrate the practical application of artificial photosynthesis," explained Professor Amao. After 24 hours, more than 60% of acetone had been successfully converted to 3-hydroxybutyrate. "In the future, we aim to develop artificial photosynthesis technology further, so that it can use acetone from liquid waste and as well as exhaust gas from the laboratory as raw materials," stated Professor Amao.
Sensing a hug from each other via the internet may be a possibility in the near future. A research team led by City University of Hong Kong (CityU) recently developed a wireless, soft e-skin that can both detect and deliver the sense of touch, and form a touch network allowing one-to-multiuser interaction. It offers great potential for enhancing the immersion of distance touch communication.
“With the rapid development of virtual and augmented reality (VR and AR), our visual and auditory senses are not sufficient for us to create an immersive experience. Touch communication could be a revolution for us to interact throughout the metaverse,” said Dr Yu Xinge, Associate Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME) at CityU.
While there are numerous haptic interfaces in the market to simulate tactile sensation in the virtual world, they provide only touch sensing or haptic feedback. The uniqueness of the novel e-skin is that it can perform self-sensing and haptic reproducing functions on the same interface.
Skin-patch device provides integrated functions for touch sensing and haptic reproduction
The e-skin contains 16 flexible actuators (cum sensors) in a 4 X 4 array, a microcontroller unit (MCU), a Bluetooth module and other electronics on a flexible circuit board. All the components are combined in a 7cm X 10cm, 4.2mm-thick skin-patch-like device.
The button-liked actuator, comparable in size to a HK 10-cent coin, serves as the core part of the e-skin. Each of the actuators consists of a flexible coil, a soft silicone support, a magnet and a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film, which perform the touch sensing and haptic feedback functions based on electromagnetic induction.
Once the actuator is pressed and released by an external force, a current is induced to provide electrical signals for tactile sensation to a corresponding actuator in another e-skin patch. The deeper the sender presses, the stronger and longer the sensation generated on the other e-skin.
The electrical signal generated from the actuators is converted to a digital signal by an analog-to-digital converter on the circuit board of the e-skin patch. The data is then transmitted to the actuators on another e-skin via Bluetooth. When the signal is received, a current is induced to reproduce the haptic feedback on the receiver’s e-skin through mechanical vibration. The process can be reversed to deliver vibrations from the receiver’s e-skin to the corresponding actuator of the sender’s.
Although each actuator can perform only one task at a time, the rest of the 15 actuators on the e-skin can supplement each other and perform the sensing or haptic reproducing function, allowing the e-skin patch to achieve bidirectional touch transmission simultaneously.
Until now, the ability to make electronic devices faster has come down to a simple principle: scaling down transistors and other components. But this approach is reaching its limit, as the benefits of shrinking are counterbalanced by detrimental effects like resistance and decreased output power.
Because terahertz frequencies are too fast for current electronics to manage, and too slow for optics applications, this range is often referred to as the ‘terahertz gap’. Using sub-wavelength metastructures to modulate terahertz waves is a technique that comes from the world of optics. But the POWERlab’s method allows for an unprecedented degree of electronic control, unlike the optics approach of shining an external beam of light onto an existing pattern.
Elison Matioli of the Power and Wide-band-gap Electronics Research Lab (POWERlab) in EPFL’s School of Engineering explains that further miniaturization is therefore not a viable solution to better electronics performance. “New papers come out describing smaller and smaller devices, but in the case of materials made from gallium nitride, the best devices in terms of frequency were already published a few years back,” he says. “After that, there is really nothing better, because as device size is reduced, we face fundamental limitations. This is true regardless of the material used.”
In response to this challenge, Matioli and PhD student Mohammad Samizadeh Nikoo came up with a new approach to electronics that could overcome these limitations and enable a new class of terahertz devices. Instead of shrinking their device, they rearranged it, notably by etching patterned contacts called metastructures at sub-wavelength distances onto a semiconductor made of gallium nitride and indium gallium nitride. These metastructures allow the electrical fields inside the device to be controlled, yielding extraordinary properties that do not occur in nature.
Crucially, the device can operate at electromagnetic frequencies in the terahertz range (between 0.3-30 THz) – significantly faster than the gigahertz waves used in today’s electronics. They can therefore carry much greater quantities of information for a given signal or period, giving them great potential for applications in 6G communications and beyond. “We found that manipulating radiofrequency fields at microscopic scales can significantly boost the performance of electronic devices, without relying on aggressive downscaling,” explains Samizadeh Nikoo, who is the first author of an article on the breakthrough recently published in the journal Nature.
As Samizadeh Nikoo explains, modulating terahertz waves is crucial for the future of telecommunications, as the increasing data requirements of technologies like autonomous vehicles and 6G mobile communications are fast reaching the limits of today's devices. The electronic metadevices developed in the POWERlab could form the basis for integrated terahertz electronics by producing compact, high-frequency chips that can already be used with smartphones, for example.
"This new technology could change the future of ultra-high-speed communications, as it is compatible with existing processes in semiconductor manufacturing. We have demonstrated data transmission of up to 100 gigabits per second at terahertz frequencies, which is already 10 times higher than what we have today with 5G," Samizadeh Nikoo says.
A new ultrasound-based sensor has been unveiled, offering real-time, on-the-go cardiac imaging. Designed by engineers from the University of California San Diego, the wearable device is roughly the size of a postage stamp and can be worn for up to 24 hours. Plus, it even functions during a workout.
The engineers say the goal is to make ultrasound capabilities more accessible. Currently, echocardiograms – ultrasound examinations for the heart – can only be done by trained professionals and requires bulky equipment. “The technology enables anybody to use ultrasound imaging on the go,” said Sheng Xu, study lead.
The new device uses AI algorithms to measure the activity and structure of the wearer’s heart, monitoring blood flow and flagging any abnormal functions. Using ultrasound waves, the device generates a constant stream of images of the four chambers of the heart, enabling continuous, real-time data capture. “The increasing risk of heart diseases calls for more advanced and inclusive monitoring procedures,” said Xu. “By providing patients and doctors with more thorough details, continuous and real-time cardiac image monitoring is poised to fundamentally optimize and reshape the paradigm of cardiac diagnoses.”
In its current iteration, the patch can be connected through cables to a computer, which can download the data automatically while the patch is still on, though plans for a wireless design are underway. The patch is set for commercialization through Softsonics, a UC San Diego spinoff.
Researchers led by Chang Liu of PPPL have unveiled a promising approach to mitigating damaging runaway electrons created by disruptions in tokamak fusion devices. Key to the approach was harnessing a unique type of plasma wave that bears the name of astrophysicist Hannes Alfvén, a 1970 Nobel laureate.
Alfvén waves have long been known to loosen the confinement of high-energy particles in tokamak reactors, allowing some to escape and reducing the efficiency of the doughnut-shaped devices. However, the new findings by Chang Liu and researchers at General Atomics, Columbia University and PPPL uncovered beneficial results in the case of runaway electrons.
Remarkably circular
The scientists found that such loosening can diffuse or scatter high-energy electrons before they can grow into avalanches that damage tokamak components. This process was determined to be remarkably circular: The runaways create instabilities that give rise to Alfvén waves that keep the avalanche from forming. "These discoveries provide a comprehensive explanation for the direct observation of Alfvén waves in disruption experiments," said Liu, a staff researcher at PPPL and lead author of a paper that details the results in Physical Review Letters. "The findings establish a distinct link between these modes and the generation of runaway electrons."
Researchers derived a theory for the remarkable circularity of these interactions. The results aligned well with runaways in experiments on the DIII-D National Fusion Facility, a DOE tokamak that General Atomics operates for the Office of Science. Tests of the theory also proved positive on the Summit supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
"Chang Liu's work shows that the runaway electron population size can be controlled by instabilities driven by the runaway electrons themselves," said Felix Parra Diaz, head of the Theory Department at PPPL. "His research is very exciting because it might lead to tokamak designs that naturally mitigate runaway electron damage through inherent instabilities."
India's space agency has released latest images of the Moon as its third lunar mission starts descending towards the little-explored south pole.
The pictures have been taken by Vikram, Chandrayaan-3's lander, which began the last phase of its mission on Thursday. Vikram, which carries a rover in its belly, is due to land near the south pole on 23 August. The lander detached from the propulsion module, which carried it close to the Moon, on Thursday. The black-and-white images show close-ups of rocks and craters on the Moon's surface. One of the photographs shows the propulsion module too. Chandrayaan-3 and Russia's Luna-25 are among the two spacecraft headed towards the Moon's south pole and both are expected to land next week.
Luna-25 - Russia's first Moon mission since 1976, when it was part of the Soviet Union - was launched last week and is expected to make history by making a soft landing on 21st or 22nd August, just days before the Indian touchdown. If it succeeds, Chandrayaan-3 will have to settle for being a close second in reaching the south pole. India, however, will still be only the fourth country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon after the US, the former Soviet Union and China. Indian Space Research Organization (Isro) said on Friday that the lander module had begun its descent to a lower orbit.
Chandrayaan-3, the third in India's program of lunar exploration, is expected to build on the success of its earlier Moon missions. It comes 13 years after the country's first Moon mission in 2008, which discovered the presence of water molecules on the parched lunar surface and established that the Moon has an atmosphere during daytime. Chandrayaan-2 - which also comprised an orbiter, a lander and a rover - was launched in July 2019 but it was only partially successful. Its orbiter continues to circle and study the Moon even today, but the lander-rover failed to make a soft landing and crashed during touchdown.
Isro chief Sreedhara Panicker Somanath has said that the space agency had carefully studied the data from its crash and carried out simulation exercises to fix the glitches in Chandrayaan-3, which weighs 3,900kg and cost 6.1bn rupees ($75m; £58m). The lander module weighs about 1,500kg, including the 26kg-rover Pragyaan.
The south pole of the Moon is still largely unexplored - the surface area that remains in shadow there is much larger than that of the Moon's north pole, and scientists say it means there is a possibility of water in areas that are permanently shadowed. One of the major goals of both Chandrayaan-3 and Luna-25 is to hunt for water ice which, scientists say, could support human habitation on the Moon in future. It could also be used for supplying propellant for spacecraft headed to Mars and other distant destinations.
Creating brain-like computers with minimal energy requirements would revolutionize nearly every aspect of modern life. Funded by the Department of Energy, Quantum Materials for Energy Efficient Neuromorphic Computing (Q-MEEN-C) — a nationwide consortium led by the University of California San Diego — has been at the forefront of this research.
UC San Diego Assistant Professor of Physics Alex Frañó is co-director of Q-MEEN-C and thinks of the center’s work in phases. In the first phase, he worked closely with President Emeritus of University of California and Professor of Physics Robert Dynes, as well as Rutgers Professor of Engineering Shriram Ramanathan. Together, their teams were successful in finding ways to create or mimic the properties of a single brain element (such as a neuron or synapse) in a quantum material.
Now, in phase two, new research from Q-MEEN-C, published in Nano Letters, shows that electrical stimuli passed between neighboring electrodes can also affect non-neighboring electrodes. Known as non-locality, this discovery is a crucial milestone in the journey toward new types of devices that mimic brain functions known as neuromorphic computing.
Like many research projects now bearing fruit, the idea to test whether non-locality in quantum materials was possible came about during the pandemic. Physical lab spaces were shuttered, so the team ran calculations on arrays that contained multiple devices to mimic the multiple neurons and synapses in the brain.
In running these tests, they found that non-locality was theoretically possible. "In the brain it’s understood that these non-local interactions are nominal — they happen frequently and with minimal exertion,” stated Frañó, one of the paper’s co-authors. “It’s a crucial part of how the brain operates, but similar behaviors replicated in synthetic materials are scarce.
When labs reopened, they refined this idea further and enlisted UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering Associate Professor Duygu Kuzum, whose work in electrical and computer engineering helped them turn a simulation into an actual device. This involved taking a thin film of nickelate — a “quantum material” ceramic that displays rich electronic properties — inserting hydrogen ions, and then placing a metal conductor on top. A wire is attached to the metal so that an electrical signal can be sent to the nickelate. The signal causes the gel-like hydrogen atoms to move into a certain configuration and when the signal is removed, the new configuration remains.
Humans are a species of Earth. We are connected to Earth through evolution. However, we are also connected to space through evolution. We are made of heavy elements generated by fusion in the cores of stars. We are warmed by the radiation of the closest star to us, the Sun. We exist because that star formed into a ball of fusing hydrogen in the local space under the influence of the gravitational force and the nuclear strong force, and because nearby star dust formed into a planet, Earth. Is it unreasonable to assume that human life had as part of its causal chain the formation of a star and a planet? The counterexample of Earth life evolving into existence without an actual Earth and without the power of the Sun suggests the stated assumption is a plausible initial causation.
What does the evolutionary connection of humans to a star and a planet mean for their ability to inhabit space? If human life is existentially dependent upon Earth, then we hypothesize that any human enterprise attempting to establish itself in space outside of Earth without an equivalent system will be unsustainable. We present a new theory and the supporting scientific research that human sustainability in space depends upon conditions that have been evolutionarily established within the Earth ecosphere1 by universal law.
To open the presented theory, the tools of analysis and abductive reasoning will be astrophysics initially, classical physics more broadly, and the burgeoning science of ecological thermodynamics theory (Nielsen et al., 2020). The proof begins with a cosmological review of the evolution of Earth and the Sun into islands of order in the entropy of an expanding space. All life evolved within the context of this order and a collection of evolving conditions. The sustainment of human life is dependent upon the sustainment of this order with its conditions. The level of detail provided in this Introduction section is to assist with understanding how materials acted on by conservative forces are captured in semi-reversible cycles that utilize energy from the Sun to build dissipative structures in the form of self-restoring heat engines. This will be contrasted with human-designed, technological systems that attempt to perform the same functions using non-self-restoring means. The objective is to understand what is required for sustainable human habitation in space. What will be revealed is that human sustainability is about more than just diversity and energy efficiency; it is about self-restoring order, capacity, and organization.
Pulsar Fusion, a UK aerospace company, is making significant strides in the development of a groundbreaking nuclear fusion rocket engine, according to those close to the project. Set to become the largest practical fusion engine ever built, the 26-foot (8-meter) fusion chamber is currently being assembled in Bletchley, England, with plans for its first firing in 2027.
This ambitious project aims to create exhaust speeds exceeding 500,000 miles (800,000 kilometers) per hour, making it the hottest place in the solar system during operation, according to the company. The researchers at Pulsar Fusion have set their sights on reaching temperatures of several hundred million degrees within the fusion chamber, surpassing the heat of the Sun itself. Dr. James Lambert, the chief financial officer of Pulsar Fusion, highlights the primary challenge of containing the super-hot plasma within an electromagnetic field.
Lambert likens the behavior of the plasma to a weather system, making it extremely difficult to predict using conventional techniques. Controlling the turbulent plasma as it reaches temperatures in the hundreds of millions of degrees has proven elusive, causing the fusion reaction to cease. This unpredictability is attributed to the complex science of magnetohydrodynamics and gyrokinetics, as the state of the plasma is constantly changing.
While scientists and researchers have reported achievements in fusion temperatures at facilities like the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in 2022, Pulsar Fusion aims to make more frequent and consistent advancements by leveraging the latest technology and research. To enhance its understanding of super-hot plasma behavior under electromagnetic confinement, Pulsar Fusion has partnered with Princeton Satellite Systems. The duo is expected to utilize data from the record-holding PFRC-2 reactor, located at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory in New Jersey, and feed it into supercomputer simulations.
The goal of these simulations should enable researchers to better predict plasma behavior and guide iterative design improvements for the rocket engine prototype, according to those involved. Richard Dinan, the CEO of Pulsar Fusion, said the potential impact of its fusion rocket technology. The company’s current satellite engines already achieve exhaust speeds of up to 25 miles (40 kilometers) per second, but engineers aim to surpass this by more than tenfold with fusion propulsion. If the Pulsar rocket test successfully achieves fusion temperatures during the planned demonstration for aerospace partners in 2027, it could significantly reduce mission times to Mars and enable flight times to Saturn to be reduced from eight years to two. Ultimately, this technology could empower humanity to explore and venture beyond our solar system.
Throughout the development process, Pulsar Fusion intends to remain committed to keeping its existing partners informed at each step. The company plans to commence early firings in 2025 to validate progress. Additionally, the company envisions conducting a test firing in orbit, further advancing the fusion capabilities required for interstellar space travel.
The BMW i Vision Dee concept arrived at CES with an E Ink-powered color-changing technology that was much improved over 2022’s monochromatic display.
At CES 2022, BMW’s iX Flow concept was billed as “the world’s first color-changing car.” At the time, the special version of the iX electric crossover could shift its various panels between white, black, and gray. Now, for 2023, meet the upgrade: actual colors. For this year’s CES, BMW showed off the i Vision Dee, an electric sports sedan concept that previewed a whole raft of technologies we could see in the immediate future, like AI-powered virtual assistants and full-windshield heads-up displays. But it also included a full-color version of the E Ink technology seen on last year’s concept for the first time ever. This means that the i Vision Dee — which looks like a kind of cross between a vintage BMW and a Tesla — can change colors on command. Instead of just black, white, and gray, 32 colors are now available. Not only that but the i Vision Dee is made up of 240 E Ink e-paper segments, all of which can be controlled individually. This means the i Vision Dee can shift to one solid color or put on one hell of a light show.
“This allows an almost infinite variety of patterns to be generated and varied within seconds,” BMW said in a statement. Dee made her color-shifting debut during BMW’s CES keynote Wednesday night, joined onstage by Knight Rider’s KITT, Herbie the Love Bug, and Arnold Schwarzenegger. (You kind of had to be there.) Schwarzenegger also starred in this short film that demonstrates how Dee’s advanced features work: BMW’s concepts make use of technology developed by the US-based E Ink Corporation, which is behind e-readers and various smartwatches. A film coating on the car contains tiny microcapsules whose pigments change when electricity is applied. While E Ink has seen a number of applications over the years, BMW says it’s unique to the automotive sector, developed and programmed by in-house engineers.
A film coating on the car contains tiny microcapsules whose pigments change when electricity is applied. What’s more, this concept uses the latest tech from E Ink, called Prism 3 film, which is fully programmable and meant to be low on power consumption for sustainability. Prism 3 can also be manufactured in any shape, making industrial design applications seemingly endless.
E Ink is enabling its partners to disrupt industries through sustainable technologies and has been integrated into everything from eReaders to cell phones to medical wearables to logistical tags and digital signage.” The e-paper segments were also used on the concept’s wheels and grille, with the latter creating “facial expressions” as its AI assistant reacts to various inputs.
Will color-shifting BMWs ever see production? For now, it’s an in-house R&D project — but one that has attracted a lot of attention both inside the automaker and in the wider world.
SlashGear notes that the brains behind the project, Australian engineer Stella Clarke and her team, have been working to develop and refine the e-paper since last year’s CES.
Detecting nuclear reactors is important for nonproliferation of nuclear arms and nuclear power in general. The nearly 100 researchers in the SNO+ Collaboration working at SNOLAB science
demonstrated that a large, water-filled detector can identify neutrinos from a reactor hundreds of kilometers away.
Neutrinos are subatomic particles that interact with matter extremely weakly. They are produced in many types of radioactive decays, including in the core of the Sun and in nuclear reactors. Neutrinos are also impossible to block—they easily travel from the core of a nuclear reactor to a detector far away, and even through the Earth itself. Detecting the tiny signals from neutrinos therefore requires huge devices that are extremely sensitive. The SNO+ experiment has just shown that a detector filled with simple water can still detect reactor neutrinos, even though the neutrinos create only tiny signals in the detector.
The SNO+ measurement shows that distant nuclear reactors can be observed and monitored with something as simple and inexpensive as water. Reactors cannot shield the neutrinos they produce. This means SNO+’s measurement is a proof of the idea that such water detectors could play a role in ensuring nuclear non-proliferation. Like SNO+, such detectors would still need to be very clean of any radioactivity, large (SNO+ contains 1,000 tons of water), and able to detect the tiny amount of light that the neutrinos produce. The use of water, however, means that very large detectors are possible and a real option for “seeing” even very distant reactors.
Scientists long thought that the tiny signals (just 10-20 photons) created by reactor neutrinos in a water detector would make it impossible to detect those neutrinos, particularly when the detector was far away from the reactor and the rate of these signals was very low. By ensuring that the detector was clean from even trace amounts of radioactivity, and by having an energy threshold lower than any water detector ever built, SNO+ was able to see these signals and show that they came from nuclear reactors at least 240 kilometers (150 miles) away. The measurement was still quite difficult, as backgrounds (fake events) from residual radioactivity, and from neutrinos created in the atmosphere by cosmic rays, needed to be identified and removed.
Water detectors have several advantages. They are inexpensive and can be very large, making them useful for monitoring reactors across international borders. Improvements to such monitoring, including using water-based liquid scintillator or “loading” the water with gadolinium, both of which would boost the signal size, are being tested by other collaborations. This work is from the SNO+ Collaboration, an international collaboration of roughly 100 scientists from the United States (the University of Pennsylvania, the University of California at Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the University of California at Davis, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Boston University, and the University of Chicago), Canada, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Germany, China, and Mexico. SNO+ is located in SNOLAB, the Canadian underground laboratory.
In this exclusive preview of groundbreaking, unreleased technology, former Apple designer and Humane cofounder Imran Chaudhri envisions a future where AI enables our devices to "disappear." He gives a sneak peek of his company's new product -- shown for the first time ever on the TED stage -- and explains how it could change the way we interact with tech and the world around us. Witness a stunning vision of the next leap in device design.
It was a glass half-full situation on March 22, 2023 when Relativity Space carried out the first successful launch of an almost entirely 3D-printed rocket from Launch Complex 16 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida at 11:23 pm EDT. Though the liftoff was successful and the first stage completed all of its mission goals, the second stage failed to fire and fell into the Atlantic Ocean.
The recently launched Terran-1 rocket, dubbed Good Luck, Had Fun (GLHF) was the third attempt by the company, with the previous attempt on March 11 aborted due to a series of system malfunctions. Despite the failure of the second stage, Relativity Space says that the mission was a success because its purpose as a prototype was to demonstrate that a 3D-printed rocket was capable of operating as an orbital launcher by carrying out all the phases from liftoff to stage separation, after two and a half minutes of burn by the nine Aeon engines each producing 23,000 lb of thrust.
Terran-1 is the first of the Relativity Space launch family and is 85% 3D-printed by mass, including the engines that are made of a proprietary alloy out of 100 printed parts. Later rockets will be 95% 3D printed. For the present mission, no payload was aboard, but when in commercial service it will be capable of sending 1,250 kg (2,755 lb) to low Earth orbit and 900 kg (2,000 lb) into Sun synchronous orbit for an advertised launch price of US$12 million.
MIT's Kulik Lab has designed better ways of discovering and designing novel, environmentally benign, and energy-efficient materials for energy applications in a vast chemical space where molecular combinations that offer remarkable optical, conductive, magnetic, and heat transfer properties await discovery.
Swift and significant gains against climate change require the creation of novel, environmentally benign, and energy-efficient materials. One of the richest veins researchers hope to tap in creating such useful compounds is a vast chemical space where molecular combinations that offer remarkable optical, conductive, magnetic, and heat transfer properties await discovery. But finding these new materials has been slow going.
“While computational modeling has enabled us to discover and predict properties of new materials much faster than experimentation, these models aren’t always trustworthy,” says Heather J. Kulik PhD ’09, associate professor in the departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry. “In order to accelerate computational discovery of materials, we need better methods for removing uncertainty and making our predictions more accurate.”
A team from Kulik’s lab set out to address these challenges with a team including Chenru Duan PhD ’22.
A tool for building trust
Kulik and her group focus on transition metal complexes, molecules comprised of metals found in the middle of the periodic table that are surrounded by organic ligands. These complexes can be extremely reactive, which gives them a central role in catalyzing natural and industrial processes. By altering the organic and metal components in these molecules, scientists can generate materials with properties that can improve such applications as artificial photosynthesis, solar energy absorption and storage, higher efficiency OLEDS (organic light emitting diodes), and device miniaturization.
“Characterizing these complexes and discovering new materials currently happens slowly, often driven by a researcher’s intuition,” says Kulik. “And the process involves trade-offs: You might find a material that has good light-emitting properties, but the metal at the center may be something like iridium, which is exceedingly rare and toxic.”
Researchers attempting to identify nontoxic, earth-abundant transition metal complexes with useful properties tend to pursue a limited set of features, with only modest assurance that they are on the right track. “People continue to iterate on a particular ligand, and get stuck in local areas of opportunity, rather than conduct large-scale discovery,” says Kulik.
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Amazon’s self-driving tech company Zoox is testing its purpose-built robotaxi on public roads in California, with employees as passengers. On a post on its website, Zoox confirmed it received approval from the state’s Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to operate the vehicle autonomously, both empty and with staffers on board. And it hailed the tests as a landmark in the development of self-driving tech by declaring them: “The first time in history a purpose-built robotaxi – without any manual controls – drove autonomously with passengers.” Permission from the DMV followed Zoox’s self-certification of the vehicle with the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) last July (2022).
As with the Origin, from General Motors’ rival robotaxi company Cruise, the Zoox vehicle has been built from the ground up as a dedicated autonomous vehicle (AV). This sets it apart from the robotaxis currently in operation in the likes of San Francisco and Phoenix, Cruise’s modified Chevrolet Bolts and Waymo’s Jaguar i-Pace models. But a key difference with the Origin concerns its status. The Cruise AV does not have FMVSS self-certification, with GM preferring instead to apply for an exemption from the National Highway Transport Safety Administration (NHTSA). This limits the number that can be manufactured.
The Zoox AV is known as the VH6 and has no steering wheel or pedals. It can change direction without having to reverse thanks to bidirectional driving and four-wheel steering, and automated functionality is delivered by cameras, radar and Lidar sensors. These provide 360-degree coverage, visibility up to 492 feet and the ability to see around corners in specific pre-mapped areas. Redundant back-ups are built in to enhance safety.
Mind uploading is a hypothetical process of digitally emulating a brain, allowing for the transfer of an individual's consciousness into a computer system. This technology could potentially allow humans to live forever in digital form, as their memories and personalities would be stored on computers. While this concept has been explored in science fiction for decades, recent advances in artificial intelligence and neuroscience have made it more plausible than ever before. However, there are still many ethical and technical issues that need to be addressed before mind uploading can become reality.
Top Facts about Mind Uploading:
Mind uploading is a hypothetical process of transferring a consciousmind from a biological brain to an artificial substrate.
It could potentially allow humans to achieve immortality by preserving their consciousness in digital form.
The concept has been explored in science fiction and philosophy since the 1970s, but no technology currently exists that can successfully upload a human mind into a computer system.
Scientists have made progress in understanding how the brain works and developing technologies that could enable mind uploading, such as neural networks and quantum computing, but these are still far from being able to replicate the complexity of the human brain. 5. Some experts believe that it may be possible to achieve mind uploading within the next few decades, while others think it is impossible or at least many centuries away from becoming reality.
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