Immunology

Resolving, but not hyperinflammatory stimuli create a microenvironment conducive for the optimal development of adaptive immunity.

After onset and resolution, we introduce a third phase to acute inflammatory responses dominated by macrophages and lymphocytes.

Revolutionary concept: resolution is not end of the game anymore, although inflammation control concepts were  already in progress for some years

 These data challenge the prevailing idea that resolution leads back to homeostasis and asserts that resolution acts as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity as well as tissue re-programming.

Plants are constantly exposed to potentially pathogenic microbes present in their surrounding environment. Due to the activation of the pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) response that largely relies on accurate detection of pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), plants are resistant to the majority of potential pathogens. However, adapted pathogens may avoid recognition or repress plant PTI and resulting diseases significantly affect crop yield worldwide. PTI provides protection against a wide range of pathogens. Reinforcement of PTI through genetic engineering may thus generate crops with broad-spectrum field resistance. In this review, new approaches based on fundamental discoveries in PTI to improve crop immunity are discussed. Notably, we highlight recent studies describing the interfamily transfer of PRRs or key regulators of PTI signaling.

.... The cells possess Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognizing Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS) which are well conserved molecular structures expressed by various pathogens (virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, helminths). Scavenger receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are prominent representatives within this group of host receptors.